Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran

2 Department of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Humanities, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Previous evidence suggests that teachers’ practices are invariably inconsistent with their beliefs. Different factors have been cited as responsible for such a lack of correspondence. To advance the accumulated scholarship, the current study examined the correspondence/non-correspondence between English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers’ cognitive and behavioral manifestations of pedagogical beliefs and the extent that teacher grit, as a personal variable, impacts the connection between these two manifestations. An initial group of 70 EFL teachers responded to L2 Teacher Grit Scale and Pedagogical Beliefs Questionnaire. Based on their performance on the Grit Scale, two sub-groups of fifteen teachers (with high and low levels of teacher grit) were selected to examine the alignment/non-alignment of their pedagogical beliefs and practices. Two instructional sessions per teacher were observed by means of an observation checklist designed based on the Pedagogical Beliefs Questionnaire. Comparisons across the teachers showed that whereas the two groups valued pedagogical beliefs roughly equally, only the teachers with high grit levels showed strong evidence of correspondence between their beliefs and actual instructional practices. Based on the findings, it can be implied that teacher grit can serve a prominent role in the correlation between EFL teachers' self-reported pedagogical beliefs and their actual practices.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Andrews, S. (2003). ‘Just like instant noodles’: L2 teachers and their beliefs about grammar pedagogy. Teachers and teaching, 9(4), 351–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354060032000097253
Argon, T., & Kaya, A. (2018). Examination of grit levels of teachers according to personal variables. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(3), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i3a.3157
Arnett, K., & Turnbull, M. (2008). Teacher beliefs in second and foreign language teaching: A state-of-the-art review. In J. Siskin (Ed.), From thought to action: Exploring beliefs and outcomes in the foreign language program (pp. 9–28). Boston, MA: Thomas Heinle.
Baraquia, L. (2020). Development of a Teacher Grit Scale (TGS): Predicting the performance of educators in the Philippines. The New Educational Review, 60(2), 165–177.
Barber, W. S., Brown, I. D., & Psych, C. (2019). Developing resilient teachers: New perspectives on the role of “Grit” in effective teacher development. Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Wendy_Barber/publication
Basturkmen, H. (2012). Review of research into the correspondence between language teachers' stated beliefs and practices. System, 40(2), 282–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2012.05.001
Basturkmen, H., Loewen, S., & Ellis, R. (2004). Teachers' stated beliefs about incidental focus on form and their classroom practices. Applied linguistics, 25(2), 243–272. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/25.2.243
Borg, M. (2001). Teachers' beliefs. ELT Journal, 55(2), 186-188. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/55.2.186
Borg, S. (2003). Teacher cognition in language teaching: A review of research on what language teachers think, know, believe, and do. Language Teaching, 36(2), 81–109. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444803001903
Borg, S. (2011). The impact of in-service teacher education on language teachers’ beliefs. System, 39(3), 370–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2011.07.009
Breen, M. P., Hird, B., Milton, M., Oliver, R., & Thwaite, A. (2001). Making sense of language teaching: Teachers' principles and classroom practices. Applied linguistics, 22(4), 470–501.  https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/22.4.470
Changlek, A., & Palanukulwong, T. (2015). Motivation and grit: Predictors of language learning achievement. Veridian E-Journal, 8(4), 23–36. 
Chen, X., Lake, J., & Padilla, A. M. (2021). Grit and motivation for learning English among Japanese university students. System, 96, 102411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102411
Christopoulou, M., Lakioti, A., Pezirkianidis, C., Karakasidou, E., & Stalikas, A. (2018). The role of grit in education: A systematic review. Psychology, 9(15), 2951–2971. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.915171
Cohen, R. M. (2015). Will students soon be tested for “grit”? The American Prospect. Retrieved from http://prospect.org/blog/tapped/willstudents-soon-be-tested-grit
Credé, M. (2018). What shall we do about grit? A critical review of what we know and what we don’t know. Educational Researcher, 47(9), 606–611. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x18801322
Disabato, D. J., Goodman, F. R., & Kashdan, T. B. (2019). Is grit relevant to well‐being and strengths? Evidence across the globe for separating perseverance of effort and consistency of interests. Journal of personality, 87(2), 194–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12382
Dobbins, D. M. (2016). Teacher effectiveness: Examining the relationship between teacher grit and teacher self-efficacy. Unpublished doctoral dissertation.  Oklahoma State University.
Dörnyei, Z., & Ryan, S. (2015). The psychology of the language learner revisited. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315779553
Dörnyei, Z., & Ushioda, E. (2010). Teaching and researching: Motivation. Routledge.
Duckworth, A. (2016). Grit: The power of passion and perseverance. Scribner. 
Duckworth, A. L., & Quinn, P. D. (2009). Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale (GRIT–S). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(2), 166–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802634290
Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1087. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087
Dugan, R., Hochstein, B., Rouziou, M., & Britton, B. (2019). Gritting their teeth to close the sale: the positive effect of salesperson grit on job satisfaction and performance. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 39(1), 81–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853134.2018.1489726
Ebmeier, H. (2003). How supervision influences teacher efficacy and commitment: An investigation of a path model. Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, 18(2), 110–141.
Ellis, R. (2012). Language Teaching Research and Language Pedagogy. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118271643
Ernest, P. (1989). The knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes of the mathematics teacher: A model. Journal of Education for Teaching, 15(1), 13–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260747890150102
Fabelico, F., & Afalla, B. (2020). Perseverance and passion in the teaching profession: Teachers' grit, self-Efficacy, burnout, and performance. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(11), 108–119. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.11.17  
Fang, Z. (1996). A review of research on teacher beliefs and practices. Educational Research, 38(1), 47–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013188960380104
Fenstermacher, G. D. (1979). When Does Classroom Teaching Occur?. In Philosophy of education 1974: Proceedings of the thirtieth annual meeting of the philosophy of education society (pp. 268-280). Edwardsville, IL: Studies in Philosophy and Education.
Freeman, D. (2002). The hidden side of the work: Teacher knowledge and learning to teach. Language Teaching, 35, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444801001720
Isikoglu, N., R. Basturk, & F. Karaca. (2009). Assessing In-service teachers’ instructional beliefs about student-centered education: A Turkish perspective. Teaching and Teacher Education, 25(2), 350–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2008.08.004
Jooybary, L., Moradkhani, S., & Yousofi, N. (2017). Differences in Reading Beliefs/Practices of L2 Teachers: Undergraduate versus Graduate Degree Holders. Iranian Journal of Applied Linguistics (IJAL), 20(2), 81–111.
Karavas-Doukas, E. (1996). Using attitude scales to investigate teachers' attitudes to the communicative approach. ELT Journal, 50, 187–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/50.3.187
Karimi, M. N., Abdullahi, K., & Khales Haghighi, J. (2016). English as a foreign language teachers' self-efficacy as a determinant of correspondence between their professed orientations toward reading and their reading instructional practices. Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching, 10(3), 155-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2014.920847
Karimi, M. N., & Dehghani, A. (2016). EFL teachers’ beliefs/practices correspondence in reading instruction: does language teacher education make a difference? International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning, 11(1), 35-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/22040552.2016.1187648
Lan, W., & Lam, R. (2020). Exploring an EFL teacher’s beliefs and practices in teaching topical debates in Mainland China. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research 8, 25–44.
Lau, K. L. (2007). Chinese language teachers' orientation to reading instruction and their instructional practices. Journal of Research in Reading, 30(4), 414–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9817.2007.00352.x
Lee, I. (2008). Understanding teachers’ written feedback practices in Hong Kong secondary classrooms. Journal of Second Language Writing, 17(2), 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2007.10.001
Liao, X. (2003). Chinese secondary school EFL teachers’ attitudes towards communicative language teaching and their classroom practices. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The University of Auckland.
McCain, B. (2017). Effects of teacher grit on student grit and reading achievement: A mixed-methods study Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Indiana University of Pennsylvania: Knowledge Repository.
Mercer, S. (2018). Psychology for language learning: Spare a thought for the teacher. Language Teaching, 51(4), 504–525. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444817000258
Mercer, S., & Kostoulas, A. (2018). Language teacher psychology. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2019.1701680
Moe, A. (2016). Harmonious passion and its relationship with teacher well-being. Teaching and Teacher Education, 59, 431–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.07.017
Mooradian, T., Matzler, K., Uzelac, B., & Bauer, F. (2016). Perspiration and inspiration: Grit and innovativeness as antecedents of entrepreneurial success. Journal of Economic Psychology, 56, 232–243.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2016.08.001
Mueller, B. A., Wolfe, M. T., & Syed, I. (2017). Passion and grit: An exploration of the pathways leading to venture success. Journal of Business Venturing, 32(3), 260–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.02.001
Nunan, D. (2004). Task-based language teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511667336
Ogilvie, G., & Dunn, W. (2010). Taking teacher education to task: Exploring the role of teacher education in promoting the utilization of task-based language teaching. Language Teaching Research, 14, 161–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168809353875
Pajares, M. F. (1992). Teachers’ beliefs and educational research: Cleaning up a messy construct. Review of Educational Research, 62(3), 307–332. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543062003307
Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being. Journal of social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 603–619. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.5.603.50748
Phipps, S., & Borg, S. (2009). Exploring tensions between teachers’ grammar teaching beliefs and practices. System, 37(3), 380–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2009.03.002
Robertson-Kraft, C., & Duckworth, A. L. (2014). True grit: Trait-level perseverance and passion for long-term goals predicts effectiveness and retention among novice teachers. Teachers College Record, 116(3), 1–27.
Salehizadeh, S., Shabani, M., & Malmir, A. (2020). Professionalism: The perceptions of Iranian English teachers of competence and performance in language teaching. Iranian Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 9(1), 1–14.
Shechtman, N., DeBarger, A. H., Dornsife, C., Rosier, S., & Yarnall, L. (2013). Promoting grit, tenacity, and perseverance: Critical factors for success in the 21st century. Washington, DC: US Department of Education, Department of Educational Technology, 1, 1–107.
Silvia, P. J., Eddington, K. M., Beaty, R. E., Nusbaum, E. C., & Kwapil, T. R. (2013). Gritty people try harder: Grit and effort-related cardiac autonomic activity during an active coping challenge. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 88(2), 200–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.04.007
Sinprajakpol, S. (2004). Teachers' beliefs about language learning and teaching: the relationship between beliefs and practices. State University of New York at Buffalo.
Speer, N. M. (2005). Issues of methods and theory in the study of mathematics teachers’ professed and attributed beliefs. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 58(3), 361–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-005-2745-0
Stipek, D. J., Givvin, K. B., Salmon, J. M., & MacGyvers, V. L. (2001). Teachers’ beliefs and practices related to mathematics instruction. Teaching and teacher education, 17(2), 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0742-051x(00)00052-4
Stronge, J. H., & Hindman, J. L. (2003). Hiring the best teachers. Educational Leadership, 60(8), 48–52. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483393339.n1
Sudina, E., Vernon, T., Foster, H., Del Villano, H., Hernandez, S., Beck, D., & Plonsky, L. (2020). Development and Initial Validation of the L2‐Teacher Grit Scale. TESOL Quarterly, 55(1), 156–184. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.581
Sugiyama, A., (2003). Beliefs and reality: How educational experiences in the United States affect teaching practices of Japanese EFL teachers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. State University of New York at Buffalo.
Teimouri, Y., Plonsky, L., & Tabandeh, F. (2020). L2 grit: Passion and perseverance for second-language learning. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820921895
Verloop, N., Van Driel, J., & Meijer, P. (2001). Teacher knowledge and the knowledge base of teaching. International Journal of Educational Research, 35(5), 441–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-0355(02)00003-4
Wilson, M. S., & Cooney, T. J. ( 2002). Mathematics teacher change and development. The role of beliefs. In G.C. Leder, E. Pehkonen & G. Torner (Eds.), Beliefs: A hidden variable in mathematics education? (pp. 127–148). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47958-3